Rail shipping cost per ton mile

Canadian National Railway's average fuel cost 2013-2021; ... U.S. average freight revenue per ton-mile in Class I rail traffic from 1990 to 2020 (in current U.S. dollar cents) [Graph], US ...In 2020, the average U.S. Class I freight rail employee earned wages of $95,700 and fringe benefits of $40,000, for total compensation of $135,700. By contrast, the average wage per full- time equivalent U.S. employee in 2020 was $71,000 (just 74% of the rail figure) , and the average total compensation was $87,000 (64% of the rail figure).Canadian National Railway's average fuel cost 2013-2021; ... U.S. average freight revenue per ton-mile in Class I rail traffic from 1990 to 2020 (in current U.S. dollar cents) [Graph], US ...Feb 16, 2022 · Get in touch with us now. , Feb 16, 2022. In 2021, the most expensive mode of logistics in India was air with around 18 Indian rupees per metric ton kilometer, more than tenfold the cost of rail ... Air cargo – 1.177 kg CO2e per Tonne-Mile; Truck – 0.213 kg CO2e per Tonne-Mile; Train – 0.022 kg CO2e per Tonne-Mile; Sea freight – 0.0418 kg CO2e per Tonne-Mile (Source: EPA Emissions Factors for Greenhouse Gases Inventories 2022) Conversions. 1 Renewable Energy Certificate = 1 Megawatt Hour (MWh) = 1,000 Kilowatt Hours (KWh)By comparison, the differential in cost between the two modes is $ 0.105 per ton-mile. ...Rail external costs are 0.24 cent to 0.25 cent (US) per ton-mile, well less than the 1.11 cent for freight trucking, but external costs for rail generally constitute a larger amount relative to ...May 1, 2001 · When the shipping cost and hauling time was similar, the probability of choosing a truck was 77%. ... For road the external cost is 1.11 USD cent per ton-mile, for rail 0.24-25 USD cents per ton ... RAIL CARS OR 70 TRACTOR TRAILERS VS. OR 144 TANKER TRUCKS 5.4– 42.3 CENTS PER TON MILE FOR HIGHWAY FREIGHT 2.5–3 CENTS PER TON MILE FOR RAIL VS. VS. In 2014, the average rush-hour commuter spent about 42 HOURS IN TRAFFIC, wasting aweek's worth of fuel and contributing to at least $160 BILLION of the nation's delay and fuel cost, according ...Feb 10, 2023 · To estimate your rail freight rates, you have to take various factors into account. These include: For a rail freight trip from China to Europe, you’re looking at between US $8000 – $9000 for a 40ft container. In comparison, shipping a 20ft container via ocean freight from China to Northern Europe will cost you only US $1,500. So if time is ... The average shipment by truck was 63 miles compared to an average of 640 miles by rail. Hazardous materials shipments by hazard class Flammable liquids are the predominant hazardous materials transported in the United States, accounting for 81.8 percent by value, 83.1 percent by weight, and 70.5 percent of the ton-miles of all hazardous ... The same study referenced above showed that external costs per ton-mile amounted to about $2.62 – $5.86 for road transport compared to only $0.3 – $0.82 for rail transport. These external costs include but are not limited to pavement and rail repairs, traffic congestions, accident risk, traffic congestions and emissions. FlexibilityDec 11, 2020 · Not only is the container sector booming, but liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) shipping rates have just hit their highest point in a half-decade. On Monday, the Baltic Exchange assessed rates for very large gas carriers [VLGCs, LPG carriers with capacity of around 84,000 cubic meters] at $103,000 per day. That’s up from lows of under $20,000 per ... To see an example of the outputs provided, please see assessments below which describe Q1 2011 freight transport costs for some illustrative commodity movements. Similar shipment cost analyses can be provided for a fixed cost of US$60 per movement [subject to $240 minimum charge]. To request your cargo cost calculation, click freight cost. Freight Transport Revenue per Ton-Mile. Source: BTS, Table 3-21. Note: Cents per ton-mile. In a competitive market, the revenue a transport company generates depends on its costs and profit margin. High revenue per ton-mile is directly related to high operating costs associated with this revenue generation. The most important factor related to ...Rail rates in the Study are calculated based on Revenue Per Ton-Mile (RPTM) for movements. This puts downward pressure on the Study’s rates because the average distance for rail movements increased from 665 miles to 1,032 miles, representing a 55% increase between 1985 and 2019.Rail freight rates should be inclusive of ton-miles or vice versa ton-kilometer hauled per unit of energy consumed, this arithmetic easily translates to rail transportation being much efficient as opposed to numerous other transportation means.Rail freight Canada is not as flexible as highway shipping thus forcing the partnering of rail and ... The same study referenced above showed that external costs per ton-mile amounted to about $2.62 – $5.86 for road transport compared to only $0.3 – $0.82 for rail transport. These external costs include but are not limited to pavement and rail repairs, traffic congestions, accident risk, traffic congestions and emissions. FlexibilityUpdated Freight Ton-Mile Estimates Technical Summary. Wednesday, July 26, 2017. The Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) has revised the methodology for calculating freight ton‐miles across modes. 1 The objective is to make more comprehensive estimates by using the estimates of total freight ton‐miles and pipeline ton‐miles from the ...Rail Cost Indexes include All-Inclusive Index Less Fuel (AII-LF), Index of Monthly Railroad Fuel Prices (MRF), Railroad Cost Recovery Index (RCR) and Rail Cost Adjustment Factor (RCAF).Apr 20, 2020 · By comparison, the differential in cost between the two modes is $ 0.105 per ton-mile. Reducing truck transit and choosing the optimal rail transload facility will help to maximize cost-savings through rail. Comparing Truck vs Rail Shipping: Example To see an example of the outputs provided, please see assessments below which describe Q1 2011 freight transport costs for some illustrative commodity movements. Similar shipment cost analyses can be provided for a fixed cost of US$60 per movement [subject to $240 minimum charge]. To request your cargo cost calculation, click freight cost. Rail vs Truck Cost Variance. An intermodal transportation strategy can help reduce cost variances. Unlike trucking, capacity and pricing stay relatively flat with rail. Capacity constraints for truckload can mean 35-40% price variation during peak seasons, but with rail, the variance is only 10-15%.rail also benefit rail customers. The affordability of freight rail saves rail customers (and, ultimately, American consumers) billions of dollars each year and enhances the global competitiveness of U.S. products. Average rail rates (measured by inflation-adjusted revenue per ton-mile) are 40% lower since 1980, meaning the average rail shipper can Shipping goods over a longer distance requires more time (capital costs) and fuel (operating costs). Thus, R² = 0.0174 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 2 4 6 8 10 12 Transport cost per ton (ln) Nautival miles Figure 3.3. The “no-relationship” between distance and maritime transport costsLocate pricing for any product from grain to coal or from lumber to steel -- as well as information on national tariffs, demurrage and storage charges, fuel surcharges and finance charges. Transit, Routing and Speed Tools.Rail, Another Option. Another mode of transport which is also considered an eco-friendly option is rail. Trains burn less fuel per ton mile than road vehicles and can have as many 100 wagons for storage, requiring only one driver. There are some additional costs which are incurred in a rail journey which must be considered. Train. Railways consume up to 9x less energy per tonne-kilometer traveled than trucks. On average, trains are 4x more fuel-efficient. Can carry more freight at the same time. Cheaper for long-distance. Emit 75% fewer GHG emissions.Value Tons Ton-miles Percent Truck (private and for-hire) Parcel, postal and courier Water Air (including truck and air) Rail (includes truck and rail) Pipeline Other and unknown b) 0 50 100 150 200 250 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Index: 1980=100 Intercity truck Class I rail Water Oil pipeline Figure 1. Let’s talk about what rail pricing looks like on some of the most common long-haul lanes in contrast to trucking rates. Pricing Estimates. For an FTL shipment moving on some of the most common long-haul lanes, these are some pricing estimates on truck vs. rail: Chicago area to LA area. Truck Rate per Mile Chicago to LA: $1.49-$1.68 per mile ...Revenue Per Freight Ton-Mile, Class I Railroads for United States. Cents per Ton-Mile, Monthly, Not Seasonally Adjusted Jan 1920 to Apr 1956 (2012-08-16) Cents per Ton-Mile, Monthly, Not Seasonally Adjusted Jul 1907 to Dec 1925 (2012-08-16)Not only is the container sector booming, but liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) shipping rates have just hit their highest point in a half-decade. On Monday, the Baltic Exchange assessed rates for very large gas carriers [VLGCs, LPG carriers with capacity of around 84,000 cubic meters] at $103,000 per day. That’s up from lows of under $20,000 per ...Freight Transport Revenue per Ton-Mile. Source: BTS, Table 3-21. Note: Cents per ton-mile. In a competitive market, the revenue a transport company generates depends on its costs and profit margin. High revenue per ton-mile is directly related to high operating costs associated with this revenue generation. The most important factor related to ...Feb 10, 2011 · For example, a short line that has 2 propane receivers at station A receiving in shipper-provided tankcars from the same origin, four grain shippers one each at stations A, B, C, and D shipping in single-car 100-ton covered hoppers provided by the Class 1, and a lumber receiver at station C receiving in 78' centerbeams provided by the Class 1 ... Jul 26, 2017 · Updated Freight Ton-Mile Estimates Technical Summary. Wednesday, July 26, 2017. The Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) has revised the methodology for calculating freight ton‐miles across modes. 1 The objective is to make more comprehensive estimates by using the estimates of total freight ton‐miles and pipeline ton‐miles from the ... Jul 8, 2020 · The Freight Rail Network. Running on almost 140,000 route miles, the U.S. freight rail network is widely considered the largest, safest, and most cost-efficient freight system in the world. [1] The nearly $80-billion freight rail industry is operated by seven Class I railroads [2] (railroads with operating revenues of $490 million or more) [3 ... – Tax rates on truck shipping: 2.3¢ per ton- mile, $1.62 per gallon – Tax rates on rail shipping: 0.3¢ per ton-mile, $1.34 per gallon Vehicle miles traveled (VMT ) tax (distance only, not weight) plus fuel tax – Truck tax rate: 30¢ per mile, $1.62 per gallon – Rail tax rate: 12¢ per mile, $1.34 per gallon VMT tax alone – Truck ...– A weight-distance tax on average costs per ton-mile, from accidents, pavement damage, traffic congestion plus a fuel tax on NOx, PM, CO 2 emissions – Trucking tax rates: 2.3¢ per ton-mile, $1.50 per gallon – Rail tax rates: 0.3¢ per ton-mile, $1.50 per gallon A distance tax (vehicle miles traveled, or VMT, tax) plus a fuel taxOct 8, 2019 · US intermodal rail regains pricing edge against trucking Ari Ashe, Senior Editor | Oct 08, 2019 3:52PM EDT Despite weak intermodal volume in the third quarter, there is a glimmer of hope for rail shippers as a sequential bump in truckload spot rates have provided additional cost savings. A) The objective of distribution management is to provide the required level of service at least. cost. B) There will be cost trade-off between the various activities in physical distribution. C) Distribution can operate separately from marketing and production. D) A and B are true. Revenue Per Freight Ton-Mile, Class I Railroads for United States. Cents per Ton-Mile, Monthly, Not Seasonally Adjusted Jan 1920 to Apr 1956 (2012-08-16) Cents per Ton-Mile, Monthly, Not Seasonally Adjusted Jul 1907 to Dec 1925 (2012-08-16) The data tables are based on primary data that EIA collects from plant owners and operators on Form EIA-923, Power Plant Operations Report, and on supplement data and analysis of coal transportation costs that we released in June 2011 and November 2012. The initial report on coal transportation rates covered 2001 through 2008, applied only to ...Apr 20, 2020 · By comparison, the differential in cost between the two modes is $ 0.105 per ton-mile. Reducing truck transit and choosing the optimal rail transload facility will help to maximize cost-savings through rail. Comparing Truck vs Rail Shipping: Example Air cargo – 1.177 kg CO2e per Tonne-Mile; Truck – 0.213 kg CO2e per Tonne-Mile; Train – 0.022 kg CO2e per Tonne-Mile; Sea freight – 0.0418 kg CO2e per Tonne-Mile (Source: EPA Emissions Factors for Greenhouse Gases Inventories 2022) Conversions. 1 Renewable Energy Certificate = 1 Megawatt Hour (MWh) = 1,000 Kilowatt Hours (KWh)– Tax rates on truck shipping: 2.3¢ per ton- mile, $1.62 per gallon – Tax rates on rail shipping: 0.3¢ per ton-mile, $1.34 per gallon Vehicle miles traveled (VMT ) tax (distance only, not weight) plus fuel tax – Truck tax rate: 30¢ per mile, $1.62 per gallon – Rail tax rate: 12¢ per mile, $1.34 per gallon VMT tax alone – Truck ...The Freight Rail Network. Running on almost 140,000 route miles, the U.S. freight rail network is widely considered the largest, safest, and most cost-efficient freight system in the world. [1] The nearly $80-billion freight rail industry is operated by seven Class I railroads [2] (railroads with operating revenues of $490 million or more) [3 ...At less than a penny charged per ton-mile, shipping by water is even cheaper than using a train. Water carriers also make highly efficient use of fuel. According to their 2012 annual report, the American Waterway Operators found that one gallon of fuel moves one ton of cargo 616 miles by inland barge, 478 miles by train, and only 150 miles by ...May 1, 2001 · When the shipping cost and hauling time was similar, the probability of choosing a truck was 77%. ... For road the external cost is 1.11 USD cent per ton-mile, for rail 0.24-25 USD cents per ton ... Airbus puts the fuel rate consumption of their A380 at less than 3 L/100 km per passenger (78 passenger-miles per US gallon). Air France Airbus A380-800. The mass of an aircraft can be reduced by using light-weight materials such as titanium, carbon fibre and other composite plastics. Expensive materials may be used, if the reduction of mass ... The difference between the slide rules and the calculated results is between 10% & 15%. The Ton Mile figure in the +15% column is recommended. If you are drilling in rough formations without using a shock sub Use the Ton Mile figure in the +20% column. If no wickers show up you could try a lower percentage but the rule is watch the line. Published Rates. Locate pricing for any product from grain to coal or from lumber to steel -- as well as information on national tariffs, demurrage and storage charges, fuel surcharges and finance charges. Transit, Routing and Speed Tools.Rail Cost Indexes include All-Inclusive Index Less Fuel (AII-LF), Index of Monthly Railroad Fuel Prices (MRF), Railroad Cost Recovery Index (RCR) and Rail Cost Adjustment Factor (RCAF).Oct 10, 2018 · Rail vs Truck Cost Variance. An intermodal transportation strategy can help reduce cost variances. Unlike trucking, capacity and pricing stay relatively flat with rail. Capacity constraints for truckload can mean 35-40% price variation during peak seasons, but with rail, the variance is only 10-15%. Rail Cost Indexes include All-Inclusive Index Less Fuel (AII-LF), Index of Monthly Railroad Fuel Prices (MRF), Railroad Cost Recovery Index (RCR) and Rail Cost Adjustment Factor (RCAF).Download scientific diagram | Cost per ton-mile by mode of transportation 30 from publication: New Technology and Automation in Freight Transport and Handling Systems New Technology and Automation ... Costs. of a Rail Siding. rule of thumb for new track construction is between $1 Million - $2 Million per mile, depending on who is constructing the track. Some rail clients need alot of track space to handle unit trains over a mile long. Below is a basic cost estimate for a mile long siding. Paying for the siding is driven by a combination of ...rail also benefit rail customers. The affordability of freight rail saves rail customers (and, ultimately, American consumers) billions of dollars each year and enhances the global competitiveness of U.S. products. Average rail rates (measured by inflation-adjusted revenue per ton-mile) are 40% lower since 1980, meaning the average rail shipper can Coal declined at 2.2 percent per year over this period, which affected rail greatly as it contributed to 40 percent of carload ton-miles in 2014. On the other hand, freight flows of crude petroleum have almost doubled each year since 2010, and shipments of nonmetallic minerals have grown substantially at 16 percent per year. than for rail, and average around 20 per cent and 11 per cent of shipping costs for the respective modes. Internalising those costs via a tax on payload weight, distance, and fuel would have induced, in 2007 data, a 3.1 per cent shift of ton-miles from truck to rail and a 0.7 per centtransportation costs per ton-mile than rail shipping for grain destined for export at central Gulf ports. Previous studies have examined the competitiveness between barge and rail service, focusing on the effect the availability of waterway shipping has on rates and market structure in the rail industry.Jul 7, 2023 · The cost of shipping a container internationally can range widely and it depends on a number of factors. As a rough estimate, it should cost somewhere between. £2,900 ( GBP) and. £11,000 ( GBP) to ship a 20ft container from one country to another. We’ll give you an idea of shipping rates from around the world and explain how these costs are ... Freight cost savings per ton-mile (1% * $0.034 = $0.0003 per ton-mile) is applied to all existing background ton-miles Shipping Cost Savings Œ New rail users Due to market competiveness between the rail and trucking industry, the total cost savings per mile of the rail industry will improve the competitiveness of rail compared to truck. Locate pricing for any product from grain to coal or from lumber to steel -- as well as information on national tariffs, demurrage and storage charges, fuel surcharges and finance charges. Transit, Routing and Speed Tools.Freight cost savings per ton-mile (1% * $0.034 = $0.0003 per ton-mile) is applied to all existing background ton-miles Shipping Cost Savings Œ New rail users Due to market competiveness between the rail and trucking industry, the total cost savings per mile of the rail industry will improve the competitiveness of rail compared to truck. • More Fuel Efficient: U.S. freight railroads, on average, move one ton of freight nearly 500 miles per gallon of fuel. On average, railroads are three to four times more fuel efficient than trucks. That means moving freight by rail instead of trucks lowers greenhouse gas emissions by up to 75%, on average.Rail freight quote – break of costs. There are various factors for the calculation of rail freight costs. Here is a list with every included matter of expense: Rail terminal costs. At the rail terminal, there are also costs that have to be considered and covered. As soon as the train has arrived, the container and goods have to be unloaded. The study shows that, based on the annualized cost methodology, the transport cost per ton-mile via freight pipeline is cost competitive with truck, rail, and TOFC for four of the five configurations within the Philadelphia-Chicago transportation corridor if the annual tonnage is high. For the fifth configuration, truck is clearly a less ... Airbus puts the fuel rate consumption of their A380 at less than 3 L/100 km per passenger (78 passenger-miles per US gallon). Air France Airbus A380-800. The mass of an aircraft can be reduced by using light-weight materials such as titanium, carbon fibre and other composite plastics. Expensive materials may be used, if the reduction of mass ... Canadian National Railway's average fuel cost 2013-2021; ... U.S. average freight revenue per ton-mile in Class I rail traffic from 1990 to 2020 (in current U.S. dollar cents) [Graph], US ...Value Tons Ton-miles Percent Truck (private and for-hire) Parcel, postal and courier Water Air (including truck and air) Rail (includes truck and rail) Pipeline Other and unknown b) 0 50 100 150 200 250 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Index: 1980=100 Intercity truck Class I rail Water Oil pipeline Figure 1. Rail works well for longer journeys and is less expensive than trucking. The point of cost neutrality between rail and trucking is around 130 to 150 miles. Safer transport with an excellent safety record. It helps ease road congestion and lower emissions. Trains burn less fuel per ton-mile than trucks. Drawbacks to rail include:• More Fuel Efficient: U.S. freight railroads, on average, move one ton of freight nearly 500 miles per gallon of fuel. On average, railroads are three to four times more fuel efficient than trucks. That means moving freight by rail instead of trucks lowers greenhouse gas emissions by up to 75%, on average.freight haulers, nor shippers, nor consumers. The unpriced external costs of transporting freight by truck (per ton-mile) are around eight times higher than by rail; those costs net of existing taxes represent about 20 percent of the cost of truck transport and about 11 percent of the cost of rail transport.of Transportation estimates that BTUs extended on per-ton mile total 433 for water transport and 696 for rail transport. However, Greene and Fan (1995)6 found rail and barge efficiencies to be much closer with the BTUs per-ton mile being 344, and 398 respectively. Davis (1999) found rail to be more energy effi- Oct 8, 2019 · US intermodal rail regains pricing edge against trucking Ari Ashe, Senior Editor | Oct 08, 2019 3:52PM EDT Despite weak intermodal volume in the third quarter, there is a glimmer of hope for rail shippers as a sequential bump in truckload spot rates have provided additional cost savings. • More Fuel Efficient: U.S. freight railroads, on average, move one ton of freight nearly 500 miles per gallon of fuel. On average, railroads are three to four times more fuel efficient than trucks. That means moving freight by rail instead of trucks lowers greenhouse gas emissions by up to 75%, on average.– Tax rates on truck shipping: 2.3¢ per ton- mile, $1.62 per gallon – Tax rates on rail shipping: 0.3¢ per ton-mile, $1.34 per gallon Vehicle miles traveled (VMT ) tax (distance only, not weight) plus fuel tax – Truck tax rate: 30¢ per mile, $1.62 per gallon – Rail tax rate: 12¢ per mile, $1.34 per gallon VMT tax alone – Truck ... of Transportation estimates that BTUs extended on per-ton mile total 433 for water transport and 696 for rail transport. However, Greene and Fan (1995)6 found rail and barge efficiencies to be much closer with the BTUs per-ton mile being 344, and 398 respectively. Davis (1999) found rail to be more energy effi- Mar 29, 2017 · In contrast, trains can move the same ton of cargo 477 miles per gallon, and trucks can move the same ton of cargo 145 miles per gallon. ... Rail and truck remained almost unchanged during the ... Flatbed Freight Rates – August 22, 2023. National average flatbed rates are currently $2.50 per mile, $.02 lower than the July average. The Midwest has the highest average flatbed rates at $2.62 per mile; the lowest rates are in the West, with an average of $2.26 per mile. Nationally, load-to-truck ratios are at 5.30, compared to 7.13 in July.Coal declined at 2.2 percent per year over this period, which affected rail greatly as it contributed to 40 percent of carload ton-miles in 2014. On the other hand, freight flows of crude petroleum have almost doubled each year since 2010, and shipments of nonmetallic minerals have grown substantially at 16 percent per year. Intermodal rail freight is a transportation option that combines rail and truck shipping to transport freight over long distances. Intermodal rail freight involves shipping the freight by rail to a rail hub, where it is then transferred to a truck for final delivery to its destination. Intermodal rail freight can offer substantial cost savings ... ton-mile in the US: 1 ton-mile * ( 0.907185 t / short ton) * ( 1.609344 km / mile ) = 1.460 tkm; Usage. The metric units (pkm and tkm) are used internationally. (In aviation where United States customary units are widely used, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) releases its statistics in the metric units.)Aug 23, 2023 · Canadian National Railway's average fuel cost 2013-2021; ... U.S. average freight revenue per ton-mile in Class I rail traffic from 1990 to 2020 (in current U.S. dollar cents) [Graph], US ... Freight Transport Revenue per Ton-Mile. Source: BTS, Table 3-21. Note: Cents per ton-mile. In a competitive market, the revenue a transport company generates depends on its costs and profit margin. High revenue per ton-mile is directly related to high operating costs associated with this revenue generation. The most important factor related to ...Compares cargo capacity of trucks, trains and inland river barges. One common 15-barge river tow has the same capacity as 1,050 trucks and and 216 rail cars pulled by six locomotives. Shows that barges can move a ton of cargo 576 miles with a single gallon of fuel, while trains get 413 and trucks 155 “ton-miles per gallon.”.The Freight Rail Network. Running on almost 140,000 route miles, the U.S. freight rail network is widely considered the largest, safest, and most cost-efficient freight system in the world. [1] The nearly $80-billion freight rail industry is operated by seven Class I railroads [2] (railroads with operating revenues of $490 million or more) [3 ...The railroad cost to ship machinery will depend on the size of the shipment and travel distance. In general, rail shipping has a lower cost-per-ton mile (the cost to ship one ton of freight one mile) than truck shipping. To learn how much it costs to ship farm equipment, construction equipment, and other heavy machinery by rail, get a quote. Rail costs assume loading 567 barrels of 956 kg/m3 at 15ºC (12API) undiluted bitumen into 25,330 US gallon tank cars with a track weight limitation of 268,000 gross weight on rail (GWoR). Rail rates are calculated using the American Association of Railways published 2015 cents per ton-mile average rail rates for all services all types of ... Table 1: Grain Transport Cost Indicators (xlsx) - Weekly changes in truck, rail, barge, and ocean freight rates using diesel prices, nearby secondary rail market rates, Illinois barge rates, and ocean freight rates from U.S. Gulf and PNW to Japan as proxies. Source: Transportation & Marketing Programs/AMS/USDA | Ccuchvykjmv (article) | Msvmhi.